Daisy Bates (author)

For other people named Daisy Bates, see Daisy Bates (disambiguation).

Daisy Bates
Bates in 1936
Born	Margaret May O'Dwyer (1859-10-16)16 October 1859 Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland
Died	18 April 1951(1951-04-18) (aged 91) Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Resting place	North Road Cemetery, Nailsworth, South Australia
Occupation	Journalist
Spouse(s)	Harry Harbord 'Breaker' Morant, possible bigamous marriage to John (Jack) Bates and definite bigamous marriage to Ernest C. Baglehole
Children	Arnold Hamilton Bates

Daisy May Bates, CBE (born Margaret May O'Dwyer; 16 October 1859 – 18 April 1951) was an Irish-Australian journalist, welfare worker and self-taught anthropologist who conducted fieldwork amongst several Indigenous nations in western and southern Australia.

Some of the Pitjantjatjara in Ooldea and the surrounding area referred to Bates by the courtesy name Kabbarli "grandmother." She was referred to by others as mamu, meaning ghost or devil, and as "that poor old lady at Ooldea".

It was not until long after her death that facts about her early life emerged, and even recent biographers disagree in their accounts of her life and work. Bates remains a complicated figure in the History of Indigenous Australians as well as in Australian history more broadly. Her work is considered to be an unrivaled source of ethnographic data on the Aboriginal cultures of Western Australia, while her reliability has simultaneously been questioned due to the many false claims she made about her personal history.

Biography

Early life: 1859 to 1882

Bates was born as Margaret May O'Dwyer in October 1859, in County Tipperary, Ireland when it was under British colonial rule. She had six siblings, including a twin brother named Francis. Francis and another sibling, Joe, died young (with Francis dying two weeks after being born). When Bates was four, her mother, Bridget (née Hunt), died of tuberculosis on 20 February 1864. Her Catholic bootmaker father, James Edward O'Dwyer, now widowed, hired Mary Dillon to look after his six children. Seven months later they were married and attempted to emigrate to the United States, her father however died en route, also in 1864.

After her father and stepmother left for the US, Bates and her siblings were split up between relatives. Bates and three of her younger siblings were sent to live with her grandmother, Catherine Hunt, called 'Granny Hunt' by Bates. After Granny Hunt died in 1868, Bates returned to live with her stepmother, Mary, who had managed to return to Ireland and take over as householder. Bates (now nine years old) and her eldest sister, Kathleen, were sent to the Free National School for Catholic Girls in Dublin. She stayed there until she was nineteen, likely working as a pupil-teacher.

After leaving school, Bates was employed as a family governess in London. Not much is known of her time in London, except that she first met Ernest Baglehole there, who was the son of a wealthy ship and factory owner. Bates was rejected as a bride for Baglehole, who had already been arranged to marry a "Miss Jessie Rose", the daughter of an engineer and descendant of the Rose Clan. Bates seems to have then been dismissed from her position. Possibly motivated by humiliation and a desire to start anew, Bates planned to emigrate to Australia.

Emigration and life in eastern Australia: 1882 to 1894

Daisy Bates and two of her husbands

• 
  Breaker Morant, in military uniform, 1900
• 
  Bates shortly after her arrival in Queensland, 1883
• 
  Jack Bates

On 22 November 1882, Bates boarded RMS Almora, en route to Townsville in Queensland, Australia. Bates, being twenty-three at the time, lied about her age to be given a government-assisted concessional fare. This was part of an immigration scheme, reserved for "Catholic girls of 'good character' aged between fifteen and twenty-one." After arriving in Townsville on 15 January 1883, Bates's whereabouts for the next year is unclear. It is known that Bates was in Charters Towers for some period of time before November 1883, as a coroner's inquest report into the death/suicide of a man named Arnold Knight Colquhoun includes a suicide note that was intended for her.

By the beginning of 1884, Bates had found employment as a governess on Fanning Downs cattle station, 40 kilometres (25 mi) outside of Charters Towers. Breaker Morant (aka, Harry Morant or Edwin Murrant) was also employed here, but as a "horse-boy". On 13 March 1884, they married in Charters Towers. The marriage was not legal; in Queensland, a man had to be at least twenty-one years old to get married and Morant was only nineteen (though Morant had said he was twenty-one).

About a month later, Bates learned that Morant had paid for neither the reverend nor the jeweller, and that he had stolen several pigs and a saddle. Morant spent only a week in jail for the thefts (the case was dismissed) and shortly afterwards Bates and Morant separated. They never officially divorced, likely due to the cost, divorces only being granted under specific circumstances, and the divorce laws being sexist favouring men. Bates then moved and kept their marriage a secret.

By the end of 1884, Bates had found employment as a governess and maid on a small property in Nowra, NSW. Here she met Jack Bates on Christmas Eve, the eldest son of her employer and a drover. He proposed a few days later, and they were married on 17 February 1885. She again lied that she was only twenty-one years old. Due to his occupation, Jack would sometimes spend months away at a time, having to move cattle over great distances.

Bates also married Ernest Baglehole that year on 10 June 1885, at St Stephen's Anglican Church, Newtown, Sydney. Again, claiming to be twenty-one years old. she had received a letter from him three days after her wedding to Jack Bates (who at that point had already left for work). It is not known how Baglehole managed to find Bates. Not much is known of their relationship; Bates later burned their letters, wedding photos and her diaries, nor is any record of his death known. It is known that he was already married, had two children, and had arrived in Australia working as fourth-mate aboard the merchant vessel Zealandia.

Bates's only child, Arnold Hamilton Bates, was born on 26 August 1886 in Bathurst, New South Wales. While officially being the son of the Bates, some biographers speculate that Arnold Bates's biological father was Baglehole, not Bates. The polygamous nature of Bates's marriages was kept secret during her lifetime.

Return to England: 1894 to 1899

On 9 February 1894, Bates returned to England for free by taking a job as a stewardess aboard barquentine Macquarie. Before leaving she enrolled her son in a Catholic boarding school in Campbelltown, NSW and planned for him to stay with his paternal grandmother during the summer holidays at Pyree. She told her husband that she would return to Australia only when he had a home established for her. She arrived penniless in England as her bank had failed in the recession and her husband had not sent her any more.

After arriving in London, she went home to Roscrea for some time, before returning once again to London. There she found a job working for journalist and social campaigner W. T. Stead. Despite her sceptical views, she worked as an assistant editor on the psychic quarterly Borderlands. She developed an active social life among London's well-connected and bohemian literary and political milieu.

She left Stead's employment in 1896, it is unclear how she supported herself until 1899. That year she set sail for Western Australia after her husband wrote to say that he was looking for a property there.

Emigration to Western Australia: 1899 to 1914

Growth as a writer: 1899 to 1904

On her return voyage she met Father Dean Martelli, a Roman Catholic priest who had worked with Aboriginal people and who gave her an insight into the dire conditions they faced. He also suggested that she join an expedition to a Catholic Mission at Beagle Bay, near Broome, where a dictionary of the local language was being compiled.

She arrived in Fremantle aboard SS Stugart with enough money to buy the lease for a large plot of land named Ethel Creek Station, several hundred cattle, and a block of land in Fremantle. The source of this great sum of money is unknown.

She found a Catholic boarding school in Perth for her son, Arnold, and organised for him to stay with another family. She became involved in the Karrakatta Club where she met Dr Roberta Jull. Shortly after 1900 began, Jack Bates left for Ethel Creek Station; Daisy Bates followed in March, leaving Arnold in boarding school.

Cossack

Port Hedland

Ethel Creek Station

Fremantle

Beagle Bay

Broome

Carnarvon

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Daisy Bates's whereabouts in 1900

Bates landed at the pearling port of Cossack; having travelled via SS Sultan, a coastal steamer. From there she travelled to Roeburne, joining Jack, where they then travelled along the coast in a horse-drawn buggy to Port Hedland, and then inland to Ethel Creek Station. Bates named it "Glen Carrick". After arranging the building of a cattle run and homestead, they began the return journey home; first to Port Hedland and then Carnarvon by buggy, and then to Perth via the Sultan.

In August (no more than a month after arriving back in Perth), Bates joined Bishop Matthew Gibney and Father Martelli on an expedition to the mission at Beagle Bay. Before arriving in Beagle Bay, they stayed in Broome for a few weeks. During this time, Bates witnessed the sex-trafficking of Aboriginal women within the pearling industry. While in Beagle Bay, Bates assisted by tending to sick Aboriginal women as "Many were suffering from malnutrition, as well as from diseases that included leprosy, yaws and syphilis given them by Europeans." They were also involved in repairing buildings, fences and wells, as well as yarding cattle.

Photograph of Bates, taken on the day she met the duke

They had returned to Perth by March 1901. She was invited to a garden party at Government House on 24 July 1901. Here she met George V; he retrieved her umbrella after she had dropped it, making the umbrella a treasured heirloom of hers. Biographers disagree on the reason for her invitation: Susanna de Vries claims that she had achieved a level of celebrity after her 'sojourn' to the Beagle Bay mission and that she was consequently invited; Brian Lomas gives her membership of the Karrakatta Club as reason; Bob Reece claims that it was after organising a corroboree to greet the Duke and Duchess on their arrival in Perth. Reece's claim contradicts another historian and a government report.

Bates soon published two articles in Western Australia's Department of Agriculture's journal. The first article, titled "Possibilities of Tropical Agriculture in Nor' west", was published in July 1901 and is primarily focused on the agricultural successes of the mission at Beagle Bay. The second article, titled "From Port Hedland to Carnarvon by Buggy" was published two months later and was an account of her trip with Jack after leaving their cattle station, Glen Carrick.

Ethel Creek Station

Broome

Condon

Roy Hill Station

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Destinations in the cattle drove

In February 1902, The Bates family moved to Broome, where Jack had a job on Roebuck Plains Station. They left on a droving trip with 700-1000 cattle in April. Heading south along the coast until they reached Condon, they then followed De Grey River, crossed the Fortescue Marshes to Roy Hill Station where 500 cattle were left, and then finally arrived at Ethel Creek Station. The drive was a failure as the 200 cattle intended for Ethel Creek station were lost. Bates left the station by buggy, while Jack stayed to manage the station and remaining cattle. Eventually arriving in Broome, she boarded the Sultan with Father Martelli and arrived in Perth on 21 November 1902.

Over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) was covered in this six month long trip and it would provide material for a series of articles titled 'Through the Nor-West on a Side-Saddle'. These were published in the Catholic paper, The W.A. Record, which was managed by Bishop Gibney and who had hired her as a journalist. Her first known writings on Aboriginal Australians are in these articles, many of which are disparaging. In the articles she published soon after the trip, as well as in the article she published twenty years later, she omitted any mention of Jack.

Bates's employment at the W.A. Record ceased sometime in May 1903. On 4 August she became the first woman to publish an article in the engineering journal, Cassier's Magazine, on the Coolgardie Water Scheme. Arnold, who had taken an apprenticeship at the engineering firm, Hoskins and Company, that had been contracted to make 300 miles (480 km) of steel pipe used in the dam project, possibly helped her. She also omitted her gender by signing the article as 'D.M.B'. In December she was hired by the Western Mail to write a series of articles on mining in the Murchison goldfields of Western Australia, which she travelled through for three months.

Beginning of anthropological career: 1904 to 1914

On 3 May 1904 the Registrar General of Western Australia, Malcolm Fraser, temporarily appointed her to research Aboriginal customs and languages. She started by compiling a questionnaire which was "sent to white males who exercised some measure of control over Aboriginal people" and by reading ethnographic material held by libraries across the state. In 1905 she learned of the Welshpool Aboriginal Reserve, called Maamba by the Noongar people; it was 6 km from Cannington, at the foot of the Darling Range. What can be considered her first ethnographic work took place here; after visiting a few times, she set up camp for a short period and interviewed a number of Noongar Elders (including Fanny Balbuk). She wrote an article on the customs of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia, focusing on marriage laws. It was read at a meeting of the Victorian branch of the Royal Geographical Society and at Perth's Natural History Society. It was also adapted into a series of articles for the Western Mail in April 1906.

Her position was originally to last one year but owing to a series of extensions that were granted she managed to have her position extended until 1910. Over this time she conducted further fieldwork, visiting towns and 'reserves' through much of the South-West, as far east as Kalgoorlie and as far north as Wilgie Mia. This work would result in her book, 'The Native Tribes of Western Australia', which would not be published until 1985 after being edited by anthropologist Isobel Mary White.

She sent two copies of her work to Andrew Lang who shared her work with Alfred Radcliffe-Brown as Brown was to lead an ethnological expedition to Western Australia, funded by Cambridge University. The expedition was composed of Brown and his assistant, E. L. Grant Watson. Colonial Secretary, James Connolly, wishing to end Bates's employment and the government's costly responsibility to publish her book, had Bates's superior, Frederic North, broker an agreement with Brown; in return for the government paying her salary for six months, she would join the expedition and Brown would take responsibility for publishing her book. For the duration of the expedition, Bates was appointed as a Travelling Protector, becoming the first woman to hold the role in Western Australia. Her appointment "required her to police the moral behaviour of Aboriginal women and girls and clear the Aboriginal camps she visited of children of mixed ethnicity." On 13 October 1910, they left Fremantle for Geraldton aboard SS Hobart, beginning the expedition. In less than a month, Bates reported at least two Aboriginal children so that they would be taken away by police.

From Geraldton they traveled east by train to the town of Sandstone. There they joined a group of Aboriginal people who were camping outside of town and began their anthropological work, which included making lists of essential words. During their fourth morning there, the camp was raided by mounted police throwing the camp into disarray and resulted in the camp being quickly abandoned. Among those taken by police was some number of young bi-racial Aboriginal girls, Bates again assisted the police in this.

Shark bay; Bernier and Dorre island seen in the top left.

With the camp thrown "into a state of unrest", the expedition left for the lock hospitals on Dorre and Bernier Island where Aboriginal people infected with syphilis and other – misidentified – infections were being forcibly taken; more than 40% would not return to their homelands. From November 1910 to February 1911, Bates and Brown conducted interviews on both of the islands, and in and around Carnarvon at camps and the jail. On 9 April they boarded the SS Paroo together and returned to Fremantle.

Bates and a group of Aboriginal women, 1911. Printed on postcards and likely taken at Peak Hill.

In Perth, Brown requested the government to extend Bates's employment for six months, but only two months were granted. Brown soon left to continue his research north of Carnarvon, while Bates (sometime in May) left for Meekatharra and Peak Hill, intending to speak with Wajarri people. In June she received a telegram informing her that her employment had ended, Brown however retained her services as a researcher. She returned to Perth, residing at the Karrakatta Club.

She applied for the position of Protector of Aboriginies [sic] in the newly created Northern Territory and as a Travelling Inspector in July. She was rejected on the grounds that she did not have the necessary medical qualifications. Bates travelled to Katanning in mid July and there she and a doctor aided Noongar people infected with measles. She wrote an article for the Western Mail and The West Australian on this experience

By October, Bates's work for Brown was complete and they both returned to Perth. Brown managed to renegotiate his agreement with the government so that he was no longer required to publish Bates's manuscript. Bates then spent some time on Rottnest Island, at the time being used as a holiday camping destination and as a forced labour prison for Aboriginal people. She left in February 1912.

Brown returned his (often critically annotated) copy sometime in 1912, this being after Bates had written to him in April. After it was returned, Bates submitted her manuscript to the State Government for publication but the recently elected Premier John Scaddan returned it to her (also in 1912) to publish at her own expense. In June she advertised the leaseholds for her cattle station, Glen Carrick, for the amount required to publish. Andrew Lang, who had been helping Bates edit her manuscript, suffered a fatal stroke on 20 July 1912.

In November, Bates was gazetted as a honorary Protector in the remote Eucla district until 31 December 1913. This was an unpaid position. That same month she left for Eucla aboard the SS Eucla from Albany. She met a Miss Beatrice Raine and Mr Raine (brother and sister) somewhere before reaching Albany and the group proceeded to travel together. From Eucla they travelled 190km east, aboard a camel buggy, to Nullabor Plains Station which covered 1,000 square miles (2,600 km²) and which Mr Raines managed. She stayed at the station until October 1913, leaving as Mr Raine's employment was about to end.

She returned to Eucla and began to build trust with the Mirning people living there. Camping far outside of town, de Vries says that Bates "overcame loneliness by keeping herself busy and befriending the Aborigines [sic] she interviewed." de Vries also says that:

...Daisy would often lay extra places for distinguished guests she would have liked to invite to a dinner party. Sitting alone at her card table, she would place photos cut out of old newspapers on the empty plates of her imaginary guests. Poignantly she described how this made her feel she was enjoying their company.

de Vries speculates that this was the first sign of Bates's vascular dementia and that Bates's "spartan diet" during the periods that she camped lacked various nutrients and "would harden her arteries and low down the flow of blood to her brain."

Restarting her ethnographic work, she camped in and travelled the area, interviewed various Mirning people and observed initiation ceremonies. She continued to write newspaper articles during this time, they being her only source of income. She did this until March 1914, this being when she learned that her bank had received the first deposit for the sale of the pastoral leases for Glen Carrick.

South Australia: 1914 to 1951

Bates and Gauera are sitting, Balgundra is standing.

She hired a camel buggy and travelled to Yalata Station with a married couple, Balgundra and Gauera; the former being a Mirning man, the latter being a Wirangu woman and both of whom she had developed a friendship with.

She travelled to Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney to attend the Science Congress of the Association for the Advancement of Science. At the symposium, Bates accused Radcliffe-Brown of plagiarising her work. She was scheduled to speak after Radcliffe-Brown had presented his paper, but when she rose, she only complimented him on his presentation of her work, and resumed her seat.

Before returning to the desert, she gave lectures in Adelaide, which aroused the interests of several women's organisations. During her years at Ooldea, a permanent water soak and train station, she financed her work by selling her property. To supplement her income, she wrote numerous articles for newspapers and magazines, and submitted papers to learned societies. Through journalist and author Ernestine Hill, Bates's work was introduced to the general public. Much of the publicity tended to focus on her sensational reports of infanticide and cannibalism among the Aboriginals.

Bates was convinced that all Aboriginal people were a "dying race". She believed that her mission was to record as much as she could about them before they disappeared. In a 1921 article in the Sunday Times (Perth), Bates advocated a "woman patrol" to prevent the movement of Aboriginals from the Central Australian Reserve into settled areas, to prevent conflict and interracial unions. She later responded to criticism of her effort to keep the people separated by Aboriginal civil-rights leader William Harris. He said that bi-racial Aboriginal people could be of value to Australian society. But Bates wrote, "as to the half-castes, however early they may be taken and trained, with very few exceptions, the only good half-caste is a dead one."

Bates on a railway station platform in Australia, 1934

In August 1933, the Commonwealth Government invited Bates to Canberra to advise on Aboriginal affairs. The next year she was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by King George V. Bates was more interested in the fact that the honour helped getting her work published. She left Ooldea and went to Adelaide. With the help of Ernestine Hill, Bates published a series of articles for leading Australian newspapers, titled My Natives and I. At the age of seventy-one, she still walked every day to her office at The Advertiser building.

Bates in 1938

Later, the Commonwealth Government paid her a stipend of $4 a week to assist her in putting all her papers and notes in order, and preparing her planned manuscript. But with no other income, she found it too expensive to remain in Adelaide. She moved to the village settlement of Pyap on the Murray River, where she pitched her tent and set up her typewriter. In 1938, she published The Passing of the Aborigines which asserted that there were practices of cannibalism and infanticide. This generated considerable publicity about her book. In 1941, Bates returned to her tent life at Wynbring Siding, east of Ooldea. She lived there on and off until 1945, when she returned to Adelaide because of her health.

Final years

Her will, written in 1941, contained the wish that her estate and all future royalties be used to aid Aboriginal people who were living in "the district of Ooldea and in Western Australia" The University of Adelaide was her executor.

In 1948, she tried, through the Australian Army, to contact her son, Arnold Bates, who had served in France during World War I. Later, in 1949, she contacted the Army again, through the Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL), in an effort to reach him. Her son was living in New Zealand but refused to have anything to do with his mother.

Bates died on 18 April 1951, aged 91. She was buried at Adelaide's North Road Cemetery.

Involvement with Australian Aboriginal peoples

In all, Bates devoted 40 years of her life to studying Aboriginal peoples' cultures. Evaluations of the work she conducted over this time have varied greatly.

One of her contemporaries, William Harris, an activist for Aboriginal civil rights, considered her to be one of the worst enemies of the Aboriginal peoples.

Popular history book writer, Alan Moorehead, wrote in the foreword of the 1973 edition of Bate's book: "As far as I can make out she never tried to teach the Australians Aborigines anything or convert them to any faith. She preferred them to stay as they were and live out the last of their days in peace... She was not an anthropologist but she knew them better than anyone else who ever lived".

Anthropologist Edward McDonald, and heritage consultant Bryn Coldrick, make the case that Bates "approached her ethnographic work in a ‘professional’ manner, though no doubt changes in her work practices as she aged need to be accounted for." They compare her ethnography favourably with her contemporaries, describe how she tested the reliability of the data she collected and pioneered serveral research techniques. They suggest "that in some respects Bates was ahead of her time" but she ultimately "remained a pre-modern Edwardian anthropologist".

She researched and wrote on the subject while living in a tent in small settlements from Western Australia to the edges of the Nullarbor Plain, including at Ooldea in South Australia. She was noted for her strict lifelong adherence to Edwardian fashion, including wearing boots, gloves and a veil while in the bush. Bates set up camps to feed, clothe, and nurse the transient Aboriginal people, drawing on her own income to meet the needs of the aged. She was said to have worn pistols even in her old age and to have been quite prepared to use them to threaten police when she caught them mistreating "her" Aboriginals.

Bates's fictitious claims

Daisy Bates made many false claims about her personal and professional history. Reasons for this are speculated on by many of her biographers. Many have only been found to be untrue long after her death.

Bates claimed her family to be landowning Irish Anglican aristocracy, when in fact her parents were poor Catholics and "lived in modest circumstances above the family bootery" which they rented.

She also claimed that her return to Australia in 1899 was partly motivated by The Times accepting an offer of hers to investigate claims of cruel treatment of Aboriginal people in Western Australia. She claimed that she conducted this investigation in 1900 during her trip with Jack Bates to Ethel Creek Station. The likelihood of this is disputed by recent biographers. They note that no formal assignment has been found and that one of her first published articles (From Port Hedland to Carnarvon by Buggy, published in 1901) is her account of this trip and is primarily concerned with agricultural matters; In it she makes a singular and racist reference to Aboriginal people, where she said: "The men were mostly fine looking but the women looked very inferior."

Bates also made many false claims regarding cannibalism among Aboriginal people. While some Aboriginal peoples practiced cannibalism (much of which was done as part of mortuary rituals and involved only parts of the body), Bates developed what has been described as a "fixation" and as a "morbid preoccupation" later on in her life. De Vries notes that "This became worse in her seventies and eighties as her dementia increased" Over forty such references can be found in tabloid newspapers. Eleanor Hogan says that "it wasn’t until she began camping at Ooldea that she persistently advocated this practice was rife across the country." In 1920, Bates claimed that Nyan-ngauera, a pregnant Aboriginal woman, "had given birth then killed and shared the baby with her surviving child." To support her story, she sent a box of bones to the South Australian Museum but the bones were identified as those of a cat.

Recognition and memberships

In 1907 she was:

• Elected a member of the Victorian branch of Royal Geographical Society.
• Elected a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia (F.R.A.S.).
• Appointed an honorary corresponding member of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

In 1934 she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

Digital database

There is a collaborative Internet project by the National Library of Australia and the University of Melbourne to digitise and transcribe many word lists compiled by Bates in the 1900s. The project is co-ordinated by Nick Thieberger, to digitise all the microfilmed images from Section XII of the Bates papers. It can provide a valuable resource for those researching especially Western Australian languages, and some of those in the Northern Territory and South Australia.

In popular culture

• Marjorie Gwynne's 1941 painting of Bates shows her sitting at a desk sorting through correspondence. The portrait now hangs in the Art Gallery of South Australia.
• Sidney Nolan's 1950 painting Daisy Bates at Ooldea shows Bates standing in a barren outback landscape. It was acquired by the National Gallery of Australia.
• An episode in her life was the basis for Margaret Sutherland's chamber opera The Young Kabbarli (1964).
• Choreographer Margaret Barr represented Bates in two dance dramas, Colonial portraits (1957), and Portrait of a Lady with the CBE (1971).
• In 1972, ABC TV screened Daisy Bates, a series of four 30 minute episodes, written by James Tulip, produced by Robert Allnutt, with art by Guy Grey-Smith; choreography and reading by Margaret Barr, danced by Christine Cullen; music composed by Diana Blom, sung by Lauris Elms.
• Her involvement with Aboriginal people is the basis for the 1983 lithograph The Ghost of Kabbarli by Susan Dorothea White.

Sources

• "Aborigines Friend Daisy Bates Seeks Her Son". Perth, WA: The Daily News. 4 July 1949. p. 7. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
• "Daisy Bates at Ooldea (1950) by Nolan, Sidney". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
• "Marjorie Gwynne works". Art Gallery of South Australia. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
• "Mrs. Daisy M. Bates, F.R.A.S." Western Mail. Vol. XXIII, no. 1, 158. Western Australia. 7 March 1908. p. 15. Retrieved 1 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
• "Remembered by a painting she liked". The Advertiser. 31 July 1952.
• "Rottnest Island Legacy". alwayswadjemup.com.
• "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples". www.stylemanual.gov.au. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
• Anderson, Don (29 April 1972). "Daisy Bates, superstar". The Bulletin. 94 (4802). Retrieved 30 August 2019.
• Barrington, Robin (December 2015). "Unravelling the Yamaji imaginings of Alexander Morton and Daisy Bates". Aboriginal History Journal. 39. doi:10.22459/AH.39.2015. ISSN 1837-9389. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
• Bates, Daisy M. (12 June 1921). "New Aboriginal Reserve". Sunday Times. Perth: via National Library of Australia. p. 8.
• Bates, Daisy M. (July 1901). "Possibilities of Tropical Agriculture in Nor' west". Western Australia Department of Agriculture. 4. Perth: Paragon Printing Works: 6–13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Bates, Daisy M. (September 1901). "From Port Hedland to Carnarvon by Buggy". Western Australian Department of Agriculture. Perth: Paragon Printing Works.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Bates, Daisy M. (May 1907). "The West Australian Aborigines: Their Marriage Laws and Some Peculiar Customs". Glasgow Med J. 67 (5): 357–373. PMC 5957749. PMID 30437640.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Bates, Daisy (1939). The Passing of the Aborigines. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 832094. Wikidata Q128041316. Retrieved 13 December 2024.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Bates, Daisy; Bridge, P. J. (2004). My natives and I: incorporating The passing of the Aborigines: a lifetime spent among the natives of Australia. Carlisle, W.A: Hesperian Press. ISBN 085905313X.
• Bates, Daisy; White, Isobel (1985). The native tribes of Western Australia. Canberra: National Library of Australia. ISBN 0642993335.
• Blackburn, Julia (1995). Daisy Bates in the Desert: A Woman's Life Among the Aborigines. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 0-679-42001-0.
• Brown, Alfred Radcliffe (1912). "The Distribution of Native Tribes in Part of Western Australia". Man. 12. doi:10.2307/2788273. JSTOR 2788273. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
• Daisy Bates (17 December 2014). The Passing of the Aborigines. South Australia: University of Adelaide. Wikidata Q128080416.
• Daisy Bates (1973). The Passing of the Aborigines. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-78276-4. OL 46883285M. Wikidata Q128096559.
• Bates, Daisy (1938). The Passing of the Aborigines. London: John Murray. OCLC 621612. OL 20053610M. Wikidata Q128038330.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• de Vries, Susanna (2008). Desert Queen: The Many Lives and Loves of Daisy Bates. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 9780732282431.
• "Experience". Ethnosciences - Aboriginal Heritage Consultants.
• Hogan, Eleanor (2021). Into the loneliness: the unholy alliance of Ernestine Hill and Daisy Bates. Sydney, N.S.W: NewSouth. ISBN 9781742245058. Retrieved 4 October 2024. That Daisy Bates was a naughty girl. She lied about An angu. They called her grandmother, Kabbarli..."; "In 1899 Bates had stepped off the SS Stuttgart onto the Fremantle docks, boasting that she had a commission from the London Times to investigate allegations that pastoralists were mistreating Aboriginal people in north-west Australia. Her curiosity had been seeded by a letter to its editor from an Englishman, describing the brutality he'd witnessed while working in the north-west. No record of a formal assignment from the Times exists; it seems Bates volunteered to write an article on the subject, saying she was a journalist bound for Western Australia.
• Hogbin, Ian (1988). "Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881–1955)". Australian Dictionary of Biography: 'Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald (1881–1955). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
• Horton, David (1994). The encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history, society and culture - Volume 1. Canberra: Aboriginal studies press, Australian institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander studies. ISBN 0855752491. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
• Huntley, Rebecca (26 August 2023). "The sands of Ooldea: Part 2 Kabbarli". The History Listen (Podcast). ABC.
• Jones, Philip (5 March 2008). "Native Entitlement". The Australian. Retrieved 19 June 2018.(subscription required)
• Land, Clare (16 January 2018) [9 February 2001]. "Bates, Daisy May". The Australian Women's Register.
• Lomas, Brian (29 October 2015). Queen of Deception (1 ed.). Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781517053857.
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• Maloney, Shane (June 2007). "Daisy Bates & Harry 'Breaker' Morant". The Monthly. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
• McDonald, Edward; Coldrick, Bryn (2022). "'Out Amongst the Natives': Fieldwork and the Legacy of Daisy Bates, a Controversial Ethnographer in Australia". Bérose - Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l’anthropologie. Paris. ISSN 2648-2770.
• "Meet Our Team". Archaeological Management Solutions (AMS).
• Pask, Edward (1982). Ballet in Australia: the Second Act, 1940-1980. OUP. ISBN 9780195542943. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
• R.R. (12 September 1964). "Program of Four Ballets". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, New South Wales. Retrieved 1 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.(subscription required)
• Reece, Bob (2007a). Daisy Bates: grand dame of the desert. Canberra, A.C.T: National Library of Australia. ISBN 978-0642276544. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
• Reece, Bob (2007b). "'You would have loved her for her lore': the letters of Daisy Bates". Australian Aboriginal Studies (1): 51–70. ISSN 0729-4352. Retrieved 19 June 2018 – via The Free Library.
• Stingemore, Jade (April 2010). Surviving the "Cure":Life on Bernier and Dorre Islands under the Lock Hospital Regime (Doctoral Thesis thesis). University of Western Australia Centre for Forensic Science. OCLC 903835771. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
• "Terminology Guide". Narragunnawali. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
• Thieberger, Nick (2017). "Map". Digital Daisy Bates. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
• Thieberger, Nick (2017). "Technical details". Digital Daisy Bates. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
• Thieberger, Nick (2017). "The Questionnaire". Digital Daisy Bates. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
• Tilbrook, Lois (1983). Nyungar Tradition: glimpses of Aborigines of south-western Australia 1829-1914 (PDF). University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0855641835.
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• West, Joe; Roper, Roger (2016). Breaker Morant: The Final Roundup. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-44-565965-7. OCLC 976033815.
• Western Australia. Aborigines Department (1902), Report for Financial Year Ending 30th June, 1902, Perth: Government Printer, retrieved 23 November 2024 – via Trove

External links

• The Digital Daisy Bates project – A digitised collection of over 23,000 pages of wordlists of Australian languages, originally recorded by Bates in the early 1900s
• Guide to Daisy Bates's papers at the National Library of Australia
• Guide to Daisy Bates's papers at the South Australian Museum
• Daisy Bates Digital Archive at the University of Adelaide